Skip to main content

Abstract

Human relations can serve a variety of functions. They can offer comfort, caring, and socioemotional support, especially when a person is stressed or scared. They can help to satisfy physical needs and wants, such as those for nutrition, shelter, and thermoregulation. People can help one another learn about the world around them (the exterior environment) and about their selves (the interior environment). It is this guiding and learning function of social relations which is our focus as we examine, in this book, the topic of social referencing in infancy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumer, J. (1983). Child’s talk: Learning to use language. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos, J. J. (1983). The importance of affective communication in social referencing: A commentary on Feinman. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clyman, R. B., Emde, R. N., Kempe, J. E., & Harmon, R. J. (1986). Social referencing and social looking among twelve-month-old infants. In T. B. Brazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 75–94). Norwood, NJ: Abloex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantz, R. L. (1961). The origin of form perception. Scientific American, 204, 66–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farran, D. C., & Margolis, L. H. (1987). The family economic environment as a context for children’s development. In J. H. Lewko (Ed.), How children and adolescents view the world of work (pp. 69–87). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S. (1982). Social referencing in infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28, 445–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S. (1985).Emotional expression, social referencing, and preparedness for learning in infancy—Mother knows best, but sometimes I know better. In G. Zivin (Ed.), The development of expressive behavior: Biology-environment interactions (pp. 291–318). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S. (1991). Bringing babies back into the social world. In M. Lewis & S. Feinman (Eds.), Social influences and socialization in infancy (pp. 281–325). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S., & Lewis, M. (1991). Influence lost, influence regained. In M. Lewis & S. Feinman (Eds.), Social influences and socialization in infancy (pp. 1–19). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galef, B. G., Jr. (1982). Studies of social learning in Norway rats: A brief review. Developmental Psychobiology, 15, 279–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hornik, R., & Gunnar, M. R. (1988). A descriptive analysis of infant social referencing. Child Development, 59, 626–634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klinnert, M. D., Campos, J. J., Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., & Svejda, M. (1983).Emotions as behavior regulators: Social referencing in infancy. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), The emotions (Vol. 2, pp. 57–86). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koopman, P. R., & Ames, E. W. (1968). Infants’ preferences for facial arrangements: A failure to replicate. Child Development, 39, 481–487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M. O. (1990). Wagner’s ring: Turning the sky round. New York: Summit Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenski, G., & Lenski, J. (1982).Human societies: An introduction to macrosociology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M., & East, P. L. (1984). The role of temperament in stress, coping and socioemotional functioning in early development. Infant Mental Health Journal, 5, 148–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mussen, P. K., Conger, J. J., Kagan, J., & Huston, A. C. (1990).Child development & personality (7th ed.). New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlansky, H. (1949). Infant care and personality. Psychological Bulletin, 46, 1–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogoff, B., Malkin, C., & Gilbride, K. (1984). Interaction with babies as guidance in development. In B. Rogoff & J. V. Wertsch (Eds.), Children’s learning in the “zone of proximal development” (pp. 31–44). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogoff, B., & Wertsch, J. V. (Eds.), Children’s learning in the “zone of proximal development.” San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, H. S., & Lollis, S. P. (1987). Communication within infant social games. Developmental Psychology, 23, 241–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schachter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation: Experimental studies of the sources of gregariousness. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schachter, S. (1964).The interaction of cognitive and physiological determinants of emotional state. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 49–80). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schickedanz, J. A., Hansen, K., & Forsyth, P. D. (1990). Understanding children. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stayton, D. J., Hogan, R., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1971). Infant obedience and maternal behavior: The origins of socialization reconsidered. Child Development, 42, 1057–1069.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, H. S. (1947). Conceptions of modern psychiatry. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of association processes in animals. New York: Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Valsiner, J. (1985). Parental organization of children’s cognitive development within home environment. Psychologia, 28, 131–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertsch, J. V. (1985). Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 89–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Feinman, S. (1992). In the Broad Valley. In: Feinman, S. (eds) Social Referencing and the Social Construction of Reality in Infancy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2464-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2462-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics