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Does helping mothers in multigenerational ADHD also help children in the long run? 2-year follow-up from baseline of the AIMAC randomized controlled multicentre trial

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A Correction to this article was published on 02 January 2020

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Abstract

ADHD often affects multiple generations in a family. Previous studies suggested that children with ADHD benefit less from therapy if parents are also affected, since ADHD symptoms interfere with treatment implementation. This two-group randomised controlled trial examined whether targeting maternal ADHD boosts the efficacy of parent–child training (PCT) for the child’s ADHD. Here, we report follow-up results 2 years from baseline. Mothers of 144 mother–child dyads (ADHD according to DSM-IV) were examined for eligibility (T1) and randomised to 12 weeks of intensive multimodal treatment comprising pharmacotherapy and DBT-based cognitive behavioural group psychotherapy (TG, n = 77) or clinical management comprising non-specific counselling (CG, n = 67) for Step 1 (concluded by T2). Subsequently, all dyads participated in 12 weekly PCT sessions for Step 2 (concluded by T3). In Step 3, participants received maintenance treatments for 6 months (concluded by T4). At 24 months after baseline (T5), we performed follow-up assessments. The primary endpoint was child ADHD/ODD score (observer blind rating). Outcomes at T5 were evaluated using ANCOVA. Assessments from 101 children and 95 mothers were available at T5. Adjusted means (m) of ADHD/ODD symptoms (range 0–26) in children did not differ between TG and CG (mean difference = 1.0; 95% CI 1.2–3.1). The maternal advantage of TG over CG on the CAARS-O:L ADHD index (range 0–36) disappeared at T5 (mean difference = 0.2; 95% CI − 2.3 to 2.6). Sensitivity analyses controlling for medication and significant predictors of follow-up participation showed unchanged outcomes. Within-group outcomes remained improved from baseline. At the 24-month follow-up, TG and CG converged. The superiority of intensive treatment regarding maternal symptoms disappeared. In general, cross-generational treatment seems to be effective in the long term. (BMBF grant 01GV0605; registration ISRCTN73911400).

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Fischer (MEDICE Arzneimittel Puetter GmbH & Co. KG) for his advice in preparing the study protocol and case report forms as well as his assistance in SAE management. Prof. Dr. F. Mattejat gave helpful expert advice in planning the study. We are also grateful to HOGREFE and BELTZ publishers for providing treatment manuals for free. We warmly thank all participating families and all of our partners for their cooperation. In memoriam Klaus Hennighausen.

Funding

Our network on psychotherapy of ADHD was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; 01GV0605, 01GV0606) within the framework “Research networks on psychotherapy”. This grant provided funds for study coordination and compensation for participating centres for study-associated workload, training of personnel and presentation of the trial at meetings. The funding source had no role in the trial design or its execution, statistical analyses, the interpretation of the data, or publication decisions.

Author information

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

      Julia M. Geissler, Timo D. Vloet, Nora Strom, Andreas Warnke & Thomas Jans

    2. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

      Charlotte Jaite, Viola Kappel & Laura Gentschow

    3. Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

      Erika Graf

    4. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

      Klaus Hennighausen, Barbara Haack-Dees & Katja Schneider-Momm

    5. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

      Swantje Matthies & Alexandra Philipsen

    6. Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medius Clinic, Kirchheim, Germany

      Christian Jacob

    7. Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany

      Michael Rösler & Wolfgang Retz

    8. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany

      Wolfgang Retz

    9. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany

      Susann Hänig & Alexander von Gontard

    10. Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute for Mental Health Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

      Esther Sobanski & Barbara Alm

    11. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

      Esther Sobanski

    12. Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute for Mental Health Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

      Sarah Hohmann, Alexander Häge & Katja Becker

    13. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

      Luise Poustka

    14. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany

      Michael Colla

    15. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany

      Christine M. Freitag

    16. Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital Hamm of the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

      Martin Holtmann

    17. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

      Katja Becker

    18. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany

      Alexandra Philipsen

    Authors
    1. Julia M. Geissler
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    Corresponding author

    Correspondence to Julia M. Geissler.

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    Conflicts of interest

    Barbara Alm was involved in Phase-III studies for Medice, Eli Lilly, and Novartis; was on Eli Lilly’s advisory board; and received speakers’ fees from Medice. Katja Becker received speakers´ fees (independent lecture content) from Shire during the last 3 years (Dec 2015). No research/clinical trials sponsored by pharmaceutical industry within the last 5 years and no advisory boards within the last 4 years. She is involved in clinical trials funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (ESCAlife, ProHEAD). Michael Colla was on advisory boards, received speakers’ honoraria, and participated in Phase-III studies for Shire, Eli Lilly, and Novartis within the last 3 years. Christine M. Freitag was an independent consultant for Desitin and Roche during the last 3 years. She receives royalties for books on ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. She receives research funding from the German Research Foundation DFG and the European Commission. Alexander Häge received speakers´ fees, was on advisory boards or has been involved in clinical trials by Shire, Janssen-Cilag, Otsuka, Lundbeck, Servier and Nuvelution. Sarah Hohmann received speakers’ fees from Jansen Cilag in 2012. Martin Holtmann served in an advisory role for Shire and Medice, and received conference attendance support or was paid for public speaking by Lilly, Medice, Neuroconn, and Shire. He receives research support from the German Research Foundation and the German Ministry of Education and Research. He receives royalties as Editor in Chief of the German Journal for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and for textbooks from Hogrefe. Christian Jacob received speakers’ fees from Novartis and Medice and is a member of the adult ADHD Advisory Board of the latter company. Swantje Matthies received speakers’ fees from Janssen-Cilag and was involved in clinical trials conducted by Janssen-Cilag and Lilly. Alexandra Philipsen was on advisory boards, presented lectures, was involved in Phase-III studies, and received travel grants from Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Medice, Novartis, and Shire within the last 3 years; she is the author of books and articles on psychotherapy published by Elsevier, Hogrefe, Schattauer, Kohlhammer, and Karger; she is involved in clinical trials funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Luise Poustka received speakers’ fees from Eli Lilly and Shire and was an independent consultant for Roche during the last 3 years. She receives royalties for books and book chapters on Autism Spectrum Disorder by Hogrefe and Schattauer and research funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the European Commission. Wolfgang Retz received speakers’ fees from and is on advisory boards of Medice, Novartis, and Shire; he is involved in clinical trials for the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Novartis, Medice, and Vifor. A. von Gontard was invited by Eli Lilly to present two lectures. Michael Rösler is a member of the Medice, Janssen, and Shire speakers’ bureaus; is a member of Lilly, Shire, Medice, and Janssen advisory boards; and performed clinical trials for Medice and Lilly. Esther Sobanski was on advisory boards, was involved in Phase-III studies or investigator-initiated trials, and presented lectures for Medice, Shire, Eli Lilly, and Novartis within the last 3 years. Alexander von Gontard was invited by Eli Lilly to present two lectures. Andreas Warnke received speakers’ fees from Janssen-Cilag, Medice, Novartis, and Lilly and was involved in clinical trials conducted by Lilly, Novartis, Medice, and Shire; no fees or research funding have been awarded in the last 2 years. Klaus Hennighausen died before the manuscript could be finalized. He did not report any conflicts of interest with respect to other articles on the AIMAC study. All other authors (Barbara Haack-Dees, Laura Gentschow, Erika Graf, Julia M. Geissler, Susann Hänig, Charlotte Jaite, Thomas Jans, Viola Kappel, Timo D. Vloet, Katja Schneider-Momm and Nora Strom) declare no conflicts of interest.

    Ethical approval

    The study received appropriate ethics committee approval from the leading Ethics Committee (Faculty of Medicine, Wuerzburg University, 120/06) and the local ethics committees and was authorised by the competent German authorities. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All participants gave their informed consent and assent prior to their inclusion in the study.

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    Geissler, J.M., Vloet, T.D., Strom, N. et al. Does helping mothers in multigenerational ADHD also help children in the long run? 2-year follow-up from baseline of the AIMAC randomized controlled multicentre trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29, 1425–1439 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01451-0

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